Inductive And Qualitative Approach Versus Deductive And Quantitative Education Essay

Inductive And Qualitative Approach Versus Deductive And Quantitative Education Essay The investigation is enlightening nature. Exploration reasoning is a general term identifying with the advancement of information and the idea of that information Saunders et al, (2009). Since, the exploration is guided fundamentally by the logical rules of the estimating instruments of measurement, precise assortment of proof, dependability and straightforwardness, specialist embraced positivism. 3.2. Examination technique 3.2.1. Inductive and subjective methodology Vs Deductive and Quantitative examination Exploration on a custom curriculum was immense and along these lines so as to additionally reinforce the discoveries analyst received quantitative deductive methodology where speculations are tried through exactly. Information was gathered through pre-decided instrument to get numerical information which can be broke down factually. 3.3. Study setting and Sampling strategy The exploration venture occurred at the arbitrarily chosen schools in the United States. The educators in these schools were met on their observations and mentality towards a custom curriculum program. Around 200 educators who are prepared under a custom curriculum (past involvement in declaration in a custom curriculum) and not prepared will be chosen utilizing precise examining technique. The investigation receives an unadulterated clear methodology. Information on the segment data of the investigation test were done dependent on the accompanying models: regardless of whether the educators remembered for the examination was hitched or single, whether they were expertly prepared for a custom curriculum or not, the experience of the teacher more noteworthy than or under 10 years. Indicator Variables It is essential that the members fill in a definite true to life poll that gives data on the sexual orientation, conjugal status, experience as these socioeconomics are indicator factors on the demeanor towards consideration. 3.4. Pilot study All together guarantee for the substance, coherence and uncertainty the pilot study will be directed before the principle study. Pilot interviews were completed among a little gathering of instructors, to produce things for the scale in surveying the perspectives of educators towards the consideration of extraordinary needs youngsters as a rule training study halls. The last scale comprised of 20 things which were joined by five Likert-type self-report rating scales going from inspirational disposition to negative demeanor (1 to 5). Methodology of Data Administration The specialist managed the instrument in every one of the chose schools in the wake of getting their central goal to do as such from the school specialists. In every one of the schools, respondents were accumulated in a class and were regulated the survey. The guidelines were perused to the respondents as respect the filling of the poll. The things in the poll were appropriately filled and returned after the activity. To guarantee there was no instance of any loss of things as return rate was evaluated. Day off prescribed eight conditions to make structures progressively agent: 1. Real instructive setting: This study was appropriated in the real instructive setting of the instructor members. 2. Variety of the instructive setting: The four schools were picked fundamentally in light of the fact that they were topographically and socio-financially differed. One upper white collar class and one lower working class school was analyzed in every province. 3. Perception of the members: The analyst watched (an) all instructor members during the pilot bit of the study improvement and (b) the educator members overviewed during the examination. 4. Perception of the social setting: The specialist made at least three visits for each school to watch the social setting. 5. Planning of the members: Brief guidelines were given in the introductory letter, on the study, (and face to face, for the pilot parcel). Severe convention and methodology were followed. Treatment constancy was watched. 6. Joining of a control treatment that utilizes standard methodologies: The study was intended to be comprehended and finished just, utilizing normal pen-and-paper appraisal strategies. 3.5. Time Horizon Cross-sectional procedure was received where information gathered at one purpose of time and because of its cheap to lead. 3.6. Information assortment 3.6.1. Essential information assortment This unmistakable investigation included standard study hall instructors and specialized curriculum educators. Survey strategy was utilized to gather essential information. Poll was created dependent on the accompanying speculations: Four theories were proposed at the noteworthy degree of .05; they are: H01: There is no noteworthy distinction among male and female educators in their disposition towards the incorporation of uncommon needs understudies as a rule instruction study halls. H02: There is no huge distinction among wedded and single educators in their demeanor towards the incorporation of extraordinary needs understudies all in all instruction homerooms. H03: There is no noteworthy distinction between proficient qualified and non-proficient qualified educators in their disposition towards the incorporation of extraordinary needs and kids by and large training homerooms. H04: There is no huge distinction between instructor with under 10 years of encouraging experience and their partners with over 10 years of educating in their disposition towards the incorporation of uncommon needs understudies when all is said in done training homerooms. 3.6.2. Optional information assortment A work area based methodology was additionally embraced for the examination where the information in gathered from scholastic distributions, diaries, news-papers, government distributions, strategies, yearly reports, and friends sites. 3.6.1.1. Examination instrument A study on the perspectives and information on teachers with respect to comprehensive instruction was directed. It comprised of a 18-thing scale, isolated in three sections: an) instructors observations (8 things), evaluation of educators sees with the case that kids with incapacities are qualified for training along with their commonly creating peers in comprehensive study halls, b) joint effort between the standard and specialized curriculum instructors (5 things), which investigated the connection between the standard and custom curriculum educator and c) procedures to improve comprehensive instruction (5 things), which inspected how incorporation can be upgraded. The members were solicited to demonstrate their degree from concession to a five-point Likert scale In request to finish the survey (1 = Strongly Accept; 2 = Agree; 3 = Undecided/Neutral; 4 = Disagree; 5 = Strongly Reject). Questionaire: Part I Understudies with unique needs charge better scholastically in comprehensive training Kids with unique needs should be coordinated into the normal understudy network Understudies with uncommon requirements must be set in customary classes with back up help to accomplish most elevated level of consideration Scholastically gifted understudies might be disengaged in comprehensive study halls Situation of youngsters with exceptional necessities in customary study halls may adversely influence scholastic execution of standard understudies. Youngsters with extraordinary requirements will profit by inclusivity Kids with unique needs reserve a privilege to get standard instruction Marking as moronic, odd, sad is issue in comprehensive instruction. Survey: Part II Unique needs teachera and ordinary instructors need to cooperate so as to show understudies with exceptional requirements in comprehensive homerooms Despite the fact that the comprehensive training in an idea, its execution is insufficient because of protests from standard study hall educators Standard instructors have a principle duty towards the understudies with exceptional requirements put in their clssrooms The nearness of a specialized curriculum instructor in the ordinary study halls could bring troubles up in figuring out who truly is answerable for the uncommon understudies The specialized curriculum educator just helps the understudies with uncommon requirements. Survey: Part III Standard study hall educators have the preparation and abilities to show extraordinary necessities understudies Unique needs understudies need additional assistance and consideration Understudies with unique needs dedicated progressively disciplinary issues contrasted with the normal understudies Standard study hall instructors got little assistance from the uncommon needs educators Albeit comprehensive instruction is significant, the assets for the understudies with exceptional necessities in a standard study hall are restricted. 3.7. Unwavering quality, legitimacy issues The unwavering quality and legitimacy of an instrument will be done through pilot study and face and substance legitimacy measures. Legitimacy Regardless of what exploration configuration is chosen, worry for factors that could influence the legitimacy of the structure is consistently essential. Regularly, two kinds of legitimacy are viewed as when planning research: (an) inner legitimacy and (b) outer legitimacy. Albeit the two kinds of legitimacy are significant, accentuation may fluctuate contingent upon the sort of examination questions being researched. For unmistakable inquiries (as in this examination), outside legitimacy gets more noteworthy accentuation on the grounds that the need of the specialist is to methodicallly explore a current example of people or marvel, instead of considering the effects of a wonder or intercession (as in trial research). The variables risking outer legitimacy (or representativeness) are regularly progressively pertinent to a distinct report. Inner Validity Inner legitimacy decides if, truth be told, the trial medicines utilized had any kind of effect in a particular test occurrence (Campbell Stanley, 1966). Applicable to inner legitimacy, Campbell and Stanley recognized eight classes of superfluous factors, which, if not constrained by the trial configuration, could create impacts puzzled with the impact of the test upgrade. Cook, T. also, Campbell (1979) extended the rundown to incorporate 12 superfluous factors. The factors and their importance to the plan of this examination are surveyed underneath:

Research Project on Banana Peel Essay Example

Research Project on Banana Peel Essay Example Research Project on Banana Peel Paper Research Project on Banana Peel Paper The achievement and consummation of this exploration venture would not have been made conceivable notwithstanding those individuals who, from multiple points of view, gave their most extreme help and sincere motivation and from whom the scientists owe incalculable, tremendous and limitless appreciation. Mrs. Marie Jane F. Angeles, Research Adviser for her thoughts and untiring endeavors and unspeakable persistence for the accomplishment of the project.Her expanding direction and for commendable proposals that filled in as their test to complete the undertaking to its best. Mr. Santiago Villafuerte, Head educator Science Department for his severe oversight particularly in computing the astute utilization of time. Mrs. LeonidaCabrido, Critic educator for altering and placing this into conclusive paper. Engr. Roger Rumpon, Professor CSU Carig Tuguegarao, for having shared his skill in the insights of the information. Mrs. Tessie J. Molina, School Principal for her untiring help and for the empowering words during the difficult situations in the quest for this examination. Ms. WendeceBalisi, Physics instructor for her help with the propagation of the last original copy. Mrs. Ruby Capelo for the presentation board. To their colleagues and companions who without a doubt shared their thoughts and remarks to the task. Most importantly, to the Almighty God who fills in as a controlling light in the questionable excursion all through their whole life and attempts, for without HIM this couldn't be made attainable. The Researchers ABSTRACT This exploration study planned to examine the suitability of banana strip paper as an option in contrast to business material paper.The study utilized trial and control unit and which was outwardly judge and appraised by a three-point scale, 1-Low; 2-Meduim; and 3-High as respects to shine and perfection. The information accumulated were broke down utilizing the Two-path Analysis of Variance and Comparison Mean Test. Calculation results show that lusterity across treatment and not across judges are essentially unique in relation to one another with a likelihood esteem, pgt;0. 01. Mean correlation test uncovered that test unit is essentially not quite the same as the control unit. This implies the control unit is more shine than the test unit.Based on the consequence of mean perfection scores of trial and control unit as appraised by 10 appointed authorities and exposing this to an examination of change, the investigations indicated that there was no noteworthy contrast between the exploratory and control unit to the extent that perfection is concerned Therefore, it was demonstrated that regarding the feasibility of banana peelings as an option in contrast to business material paper, banana strip paper can be as successful with respect to business cloth as far as perfection. Presentation: Background of the examination Paper is one of the significant materials utilized these days in schools, workplaces, and so on. A few papers are made spic and span from trees either little or enormous trees are reaped only for the reason. If so paper organizations should chop down trees to give paper to the network. Today, with the expanding number of cataclysms, trees must be protected to keep away from flood, rather than chopping down trees for giving paper, there is a need to look and plan an insightful and modest alternativesource of paper.The utilization of plant materials is progressively picking up notoriety as vital methodology toward a supportable domain and creation of safe materials. Banana is one of the main natural product developed in the Philippines and a predictable as much as possible worker. It makes bananas bottomless in the Philippines in light of its tropical atmosphere. In excess of 50 various types of bananas are found in our nation. The banana natural product when ready is eaten, living beh ind the banana strip. The investigation was made to make paper out of banana strip, to decrease squander just as the chopping down of trees.The specialists planned to concoct a paper that is ofhigh quality yet then again should likewise be cost effective, and above all ecological neighborly. RESEARCH PARADIGM Figure 1 R esearch Paradigm An outline system is appeared in the above figure. It presents the worldview, which guided the specialists in the general lead of the examination. The information factors were the materials use in making the banana strip paper. Having done the procedure, the yield is the banana strip paper. The bolts convey the changes in accordance with be made through a criticism circle contingent upon the aftereffects of the study.Hence, alterations could be made in the info or procedure. Articulation of the Problem The investigation was intended to make a paper out of banana strip. These reasons carried the analysts to lead the examination. In particular, it planned to respond to the accompanying inquiries. Will it be feasible as an option in contrast to business cloth paper? Will it be less expensive to sue than the business paper? Speculations Invalid Hypothesis †There is no noteworthy contrast in the shine between the test and the control unit. - There is no critical distinction in the perfection between the trial and the control unit. Elective Hypothesis†There is a critical contrast in the radiance between the trial and the control unit. There is a noteworthy contrast in the perfection between the test and the control unit. Target of the examination The principle goal of this investigation was to decide whether banana strip paper is better than the business cloth paper as far as lusterity and perfection. Hugeness of the Study The investigation was led to make paper out of banana strip. It is similarly critical to the accompanying. Condition Utilizing the item diminish the cutting of trees in the region, and decrease the waste dissipated in the environmental factors Community. The bits of knowledge and significant data from this investigation would help individuals in the region to make paper out of the littered banana peelin their homes and it will likewise decrease the loss in the network. Scientists. The accumulated information would inspire them and help them to lead further looks into in accordance with this examination. Extensions and Delimitation This investigation is centered for the most part around the utilization of banana peelings in the creation of paper. The analysts didn't harp on the compound structure of the peelings.Time and spot of the investigation This examination was led at the Science Laboratory of Baggao National High School from July 20-July 30, 2012 . Meaning of terms Banana strip the skin of a banana (particularly when it is peeled off and disposed of). Paper a flimsy material comprising of level sheets produced using pulped wood, fabric, or fiber. Use: for composing and imprinting on, for enveloping things by, for covering dividers. Musa acuminata†logical name of banana. Concentrate †is a fluid arrangement containing the dynamic head of the plant. Control-Variables that don't get any treatment.Experimental-The factors that get treatment. Part 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE Banana (Musa acuminata +Musa balbisiana) Banana is the regular name for herbaceous plants of the family Musa and for the organic product they produce. It is one of the most seasoned developed plants. They are local to tropical South and Southeast Asia, and are probably going to have been first tamed in Papua New Guinea. Today, they are developed all through the tropics. ] They are developed in at any rate 107 nations, basically for their organic product, and to a lesser degree to make fiber, banana wine and as fancy plants.Its natural products, wealthy in starch, develop in bunches swinging from the highest point of the plant. They arrive in an assortment of sizes and hues when ready, including yellow, purple, and red. Practically all cutting edge consumable parthenocarpic bananas originate from two wild species †Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. The logical names of bananas are Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana or cross breeds Musa acuminata ? balbisiana, contingent upon their genomic constitution. The old logical names Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca are not, at this point utilized Banana is additionally used to depict Enset and Fei bananas, neither of which have a place with the previously mentioned species.Enset bananas have a place with the variety Ensete while the scientific categorization of Fei-type cultivars is questionable. ( From Wikipedia, the free reference book) In mainstream society and trade, banana for the most part alludes to delicate, sweet treat bananas. On the other hand, Musa cultivars with firmer, starchier natural product are called plantains or cooking bananas. The differentiation is absolutely self-assertive and the terms plantain and banana are some of the time tradable relying upon their utilization. ( (http://en. wikipedia. organization/) Related Research/Studies Musa sapientum strips were broke down for minerals and against healthful contents.The consequences of mineral substance demonstrate the fixation (mg/g) of potassium, calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, bromine, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, and niobium to be 78. 10, 19. 20, 24. 30, 0,61, 76. 20, 0,04, 0. 21, 0. 03, 0. 02 and 0. 02 separately. The rate convergence of protein, lipid, sugars and unrefined fiber were 0. 96,1,7059. 06 and 31. 70 individually. Results demonstrated that if the strips are appropriately abused and process, they could be a high caliber and mode st wellspring of CHO and minerals for domesticated animals. (Branch of Chemical College of Advance Professional Studies, Makurdi ).In another examinations made, Musa sapientum forestall iron deficiency by invigorating the creation of hemoglobin in the blood. Its job to manage circulatory strain has been related with the high centralization of potassium (Benue State University, Makurdi). What further expressed that banana helps in taking care of issue in taking care of the issue of stoppage without important coming about to diuretic. It can fix heart consumes, stress, strokes, ulcers and numerous different infirmities. The strips have been accounted for to be helpful in making banana charcoal, an elective wellspring of cooking fuel in Kampala. Alongside different leafy foods consump

Childs future life chances

Childs future life possibilities Your life possibilities and openings rely upon the social conditions of the family you were naturally introduced to. talk about drawing upon scholastic writing and research models The probability of a youngster prevailing in life is still to a great extent dictated by their familys salary and social position. This exposition will start by presenting the discussions which base on this theme. It will at that point proceed to analyze four key spaces which influence a Childs future life possibilities: family pay, instruction, class status and family foundation. The idea of life chances was initially presented by Max Weber who accepted that variables, for example, low, financial position, status and force were interlinked and together introduced the issue of more unfortunate life risks later on. In current writing life chances implies the open doors which are accessible for individuals to improve there personal satisfaction later on for instance access to quality instruction. A portion of these impacts are probably going to be influenced by the social conditions of the family to which they are naturally introduced to. This could be straightforwardly: accomplished guardians, taking everything into account, will likely give a more mentally invigorating home-life than those guardians who left school early. Different impacts will be aberrant: better-taught guardians may have higher than normal salaries and thus have the option to back instructive trips, or in different approaches to give life upgrading encounters to their posterity. a portion of these extra open doors will be total, fortifying other positive qualities, while others may serve to make up for certain types of inconvenience. A few people accept that it is carefully qualities that influence our chances throughout everyday life. Research concentrating on the causal connection among qualities and ensuing IQ, go from 0 to 80% this gives conflicting outcomes. Late research, has recommended that hereditary and natural elements are not unmistakable determinants of knowledge and life possibilities. Rather it is the collaboration between these two components which offers ascend to a childs knowledge levels. The job that sustain needs to play in creating insight is unmistakably exhibited from information distributed by Inequality in the early intellectual improvement of British kids. The information proposed that the social conditions of the family affected future instructive achievement. Those youngsters raised in families with low Socio-monetary Status (SES) with accomplishment levels positioned as low, at 22 months, were likewise inclined to have low fulfillment at age ten. Then again those youngsters from a hi gh SES foundation were as liable to show high fulfillment at age ten, regardless of whether their accomplishment was positioned low at 22 months. This information proposes that it is support and the social conditions of the family which impacts the future odds of these kids and not their underlying hereditary capacities. Mayer takes note of that youngsters who are naturally introduced to low salary guardians likewise appear to have less accomplishment than those guardians who have more cash. Youngsters from low pay families likewise will in general score lower on measurers of subjective capacity, bound to drop put of school, to have social issues and basically acquire less in later life. This is definitely exhibited in a 1970 British partner study demonstrating that at age 26 youthful grown-ups experience a profit punishment of 9% in the event that they were raised in a family unit with a salary underneath a large portion of the normal (subsequent to controlling for instructive fulfillment) thusly this proposes youngsters from poor foundations are excessively seen at the lower end of the income dissemination when they are in work. Further research in the US by Isaac (2007) which concentrated on the intergenerational part of pay concentrating on families financial position and how this is affected by that of there guardians: He found that 42 percent of youngsters destined to guardians in the base fifth of the monetary appropriation stay in this area as grown-ups with just 23 percent ascending to the subsequent fifth, in the interim 39 percent of kids destined to guardians at the highest point of the salary dispersion stay at the top, with just 23 percent moving downwards to the subsequent fifth. From this exploration alone it is obvious to see that a guardians salary is affecting there childrens future pay openings. One potential explanation behind this distinction is that of social class. The job of SES is very much archived in the writing concerning life possibilities. Utilizing the National Child Development Stufies and the British Cohort study, Carneiro et al (2007) and Blanden et al (2006) represented that there is obviously a solid connection between a childs social and intellectual capacities and their folks SES. This has been shown by Fienstein (2003) who found that those kids who were initially raised in low financial status foundation who scored ineffectively on intellectual tests at an early age were bound to stay with low scores as they became through the existence course, anyway those kids from a higher financial status with lowe scores were substantially more prone to get up to speed. These outcomes from the NCDS and the BCS do take into account educational input However so as to test the legitimacy of these discoveries it is significant that these connections are tried all through ages. This ongoing exploration has been completed by Sylva et al (2007) who dissected information from an ongoing project the Effective Pre-School and Primary Education (EPPE) program which expected to test childrens intellectual accomplishment (perusing and arithmetic) from that age of three as far as possible of Key Stage 2.

Up in Arms About Legal Essay Topics?

Up in Arms About Legal Essay Topics? Facts, ultimately, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. Back alley abortions may also be accomplished by usage of prescription pills. Some folks think that it ought to be legalized. Don't forget that the primary body of your essay should contain a few paragraphs where you should develop all the points about the topic of your essay. With the assistance of ready personal essay examples you'll be able to receive a very clear picture of the structure, interesting elements and plot twists, which might greatly improve the grade of your essay. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points you could counter to your own points. A great persuasive speech topic is those that can be readily researched and can be ready within a predetermined time. Abortion essay samples may also provide you hints when you must think of abortion essay titles all on your own. Courage can arrive in subtle forms. Go through law essays examples to view how it's completed. The Key to Successful Legal Essay Topics Writing about legal issues can seem like a challenging job, but nevertheless, it may turn out to be much easier with suitable preparation. You are able to take any one of these topics and get started working on it. Even in the event you possess good analytical and argumentative abilities, it isn't always simple to articulate your comprehension of a subject in writing. To begin with, you will need to understand how to conduct legal research. Ultimately, there are various pregnancies that have special circumstances that have to be considered. Though there are health risks, legal abortion is regarded as among the safest surgeries to have preformed when done by a specialist. Then you may begin to look for the cases connected with tha t. Other cases happen every time a mother involuntarily aborts due to starvation or malnutrition. The Good, the Bad and Legal Essay Topics Luckily, you're not predicted to be Harry. If so the business's position would be undermined. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a good deal about it. Legal Essay Topics Explained In the finish of your essay you are supposed to summarise the significant idea of the subject and make general comments to your bit of writing. You might be quite surprised to discover that success of a personal essay may greatly be based on the subject you select. The ideal way to learn how to begin a personal essay is to get a very clear picture of the principal features it should contain and its key requirements. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but don't forget to do your homework on what the present laws about your preferred topic actually say. If you have an assignment to compose a should abortion be legal essay but you're either bad at academic writing or don't have any opportunity to come across sufficient info and study sources to offer a credible and persuasive paper, then you're absolutely free to find aid from our online writing service. To observe how you ought to properly formulate the thesis, it's sensible to hunt for some abortion essay examples found online. In fact, there are a number of abortion essay topics, and the topic formulation totally is based on the discipline you're studying. In the event you're not certain how to compose a personal essay and struggle to begin, we've got a fantastic advice! The more research you can do in order to secure better at your upcoming profession, the better. Such a circumstance may cause writing papers hurriedly. This kind of essay may be an important tool which people can utilize to support, or oppose, the problem of legalizing abortion. There have been lots of arguments over what is right about abortion and what's not. Despite how the topic may be complicated with regard to its controversy and topicality, it is rather simple to locate sufficient supporting evidence and illustrative info on abortion for an essay. Therefore, if you want to supply an elegant bit of writing on the subject of abortion, be sure you make a lengthy outline for abortion essay, where you identify all of the paper constituents.

The Poverty Of The United States - 843 Words

As of 2011 information released by the U.S. Census Bureau, 15% of people in the United States live in hardship, more than 46 million individuals live without necessities in America. Compared with the poorest nations on the planet, the destitution rate in the U.S. is moderately humble. In a few nations, the impoverishment rate is more than five times the United States. In Haiti, the most astounding on the planet, 77% of inhabitants live in destitution. Education and proficiency rates are especially low in these nations. (Hess and Weigley 2012) Haiti is a nation in is a nation in the western half of the globe, situated on the island of Hispaniola, between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. There are 10,123,787 individuals in this nation and Haiti has the biggest destitution rate on the planet. More than half of Haiti s population lives on about one to two dollars a day. Their unemployment rate is 40.6%. (Hess and Weigley 2012) Since the earthquake, methods for dealing with stress are across the board and have prompted them to create makeshift houses in a do without economy. The poor can t depend on social security nets or any type of government backing. Dishonesty is regular Haitian governments, and is practiced very on a daily basis in Haiti. Old and dirty places to stay and sleep and the absence of social help is one of the basic drivers of illness and the neediness in Haiti. Families need to sell the things they own for medicine and doctor visits, andShow MoreRelatedThe Poverty Of The United States1727 Words   |  7 PagesPoverty defined by the American Heritage Dictionary is â€Å"lack of the means of providing material needs or comforts† (Hirokazu Yoshikawa, 2012). Poverty in the United States is an issue that is often times overlooked because the focus of poverty is on developing and struggling countries. People often think America does not experience poverty because it is such a thriving co untry. The problem with this is that America is indeed struggling with poverty: â€Å"there are currently 488 counties in America whereRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1548 Words   |  7 Pagescitizens in poverty has risen. Several organizations have been set up to help those who suffer from poverty and provide their everyday needs. There are always ways where a community can help eliminate the amount of people suffering poverty. Government has an influence on how much money flow there is in the United States such as the FED, which was created to help maintain a stable monetary and financial system and control the money supply. People themselves can also help from falling into poverty, butRead MorePoverty Of The United States1408 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people hear the word poverty many people think of the bad connotations that come with it like, smelly homeless people that are crackheads and disease holders. Some people may even think they are uneducated or not ha rd working enough and rather ask for money instead of trying to get a job. Although a small portion of that may be true to some homeless people due to addictions on drugs and the toll it takes on their lives. The majority of homeless people are either veterans or immigrants, who findRead MorePoverty in the United States755 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty in the United States is getting in inferior quality every day and nothing is being done about it. Many people who want to help the poor, but no one knows exactly how to help them. A primary reason for people not taking action is because of lack of information that is provided about issues on poverty. Poverty is defined as the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions. According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released Tuesday September 13thRead MorePoverty Of The United States Essay1369 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty within the United States is defined as â€Å"having an income below a federally determined poverty threshold. † Poverty thresholds were developed by the United States government in the 60s. Over time these thresholds are adjusted to account for inflation; it is typical to adjust the poverty threshold levels annually. They represent the government’s estimate of the point below which a family has insufficient resources to meet their basic needs. Any family with less income than that establishedRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1531 Words   |  7 Pagessuch dialog, topics on the increasing and rather consistent levels of poverty in some regions in America are touched on as well. Poverty is defined as a condition where one’s basics needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met (What Is Poverty? â€Å"). From sea to shining sea, more than 15 percent of the American population live in poverty, a total of people over 46 million. Many who live in poverty within the United States live in areas that were once thriving from the country’s economic growthRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pages The Character of Poverty in America Poverty has always been a key factor in United States History. Ever sense Americas birth there have been groups affected by poverty, but the forms of the poverty that affected these groups have changed as well as the nature of poverty itself in the USA. The abolition of slavery, the forced assimilation of native Americans, and mass immigration changed character of poverty within the united states change due to an evolution from agriculture to industry and a changeRead MoreThe Poverty Of The United States1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is poverty? A question most Americans will not have to think twice before answering. Poverty is, of course, simply a lack of money. The views of a specific person will defer when politics or morals are introduced, however, the idea stays the same. Those in poverty are there because they have less money than what has been decided to be livable. Poverty has changed significantly over the last two hundred years in the United States, and yet, the measuremen t has hardly changed since it was createdRead MorePoverty in the United States1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Background of Poverty in America In the United States, there are about more than forty-six million people living in impoverished conditions today. Poverty is a major conflict issue in this country amongst people who are part of the lower class because American families always had a hard time making ends meet, even before the Great Recession began. Living in poverty puts them at a disadvantage because they have to choose between necessitates like health care, child care, and food in order toRead MorePoverty Of The United States1475 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' Poverty in the United States is defined as a social problem. As outlined in the text, a social problem is â€Å"a condition that undermines the well-being of some or all members of a society and is usually a matter of public controversy†. It is easy to see that there is a large economic divide in the United States, but with only a small percentage of people in the highest income stratification and the vast majority struggling to get by, the majority of United States citizens agree that there is too

Alcohol Consumption By Underage Drinkers - 1645 Words

During adolescence, we begin to face many changes physically, emotionally, and mentally. Many adolescents begin to experience and experiment with different substances at this stage. Drinking is seen as part of risk taking and sometimes even societal acceptance from peers. The media, and influence from family and peers can make alcohol seem attractive, relaxing, and fun when in reality the negative consequences that entail are much deeper than what’s displayed on the surface. This paper will discuss in depth the issue of alcohol and the impact it has on adolescents. Alcohol consumption by underage drinkers has and will continue to be a problem within our society. Adolescents view alcohol as a way of risk taking deviant behavior in order to rebel against parents and even society’s restrictions of what they consider to be adulthood. The following will describe the problem alcohol presents in adolescent’s lives. â€Å"Alcohol is a dependence-producing drug through its reinforcing properties and neuro-adaptation in the brain. It is an immunosuppressant, increasing the risk of communicable diseases† (Saunders and Rey 2011). â€Å"Alcohol use among American adolescents represents a significant public health problem. Teen drinking is associated with a range of health and social problems, including poor school performance, crime, and injury and death due to automobile and other accidents† (Treiman and Beck 1996). â€Å"For young people, alcohol is a potent symbol both of socialization into adultShow MoreRelatedHealth Assessm ent : Underage Drinking1470 Words   |  6 PagesKeebiela Porteous HA 560 Community Health Assessment Kaplan University June 16, 2015 Health Assessment: Underage drinking in Brooklyn, NY U.S. Census data on Kings County in the state of New York Brooklyn, NY which is considered Kings County population is 2,621,793, of that population 52.6% are females and 47.4% are males. In regard of races and ethnicity in the Kings County population Only White is 49.5%, Black or African American is 35.4%, American Indian and Alaska NativeRead MoreUnderage Alcohol And Alcohol Abuse1597 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society, there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol consumption amongst young adults, from high school to college, andRead MoreUnderage Drinking As A New Phenomenon1475 Words   |  6 PagesUnderage drinking in the US is one of the social issues, wh ich has been responsible for numerous economic losses, accidents, deaths and crimes. Youth have become actively involved in drinking abuse, where they lose their sense of understanding and comprehension. To eradicate the social issue of underage drinking, numerous strategies have been implemented by the US government, where some of them were successful, while others were not able to produce significant reduction in underage drinking. TodayRead MoreSadly, In Today’S Society There Is A Lot Of Issues Concerning1294 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society there is a lot of issues concerning drug and alcohol abuse in schools whether its at the high school or college level. Not only does drug and alcohol consumption effect your overall health, it can effect your academic performance as well. In this paper I am going to be talking about the problems with drug and alcohol abuse, preventions, risks, costs and much more. We are going to dissect the problems with drug alcohol con sumption amongst young adults, and talk about ways that we can preventRead MoreUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking It is five o clock on a Friday night and classes are over for the weekend. The options for this evening are the kegger down the street, drinking at the bonfire, or sneaking into a bar with a fake ID. This can be a normal weekend for an underage drinker. Underage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and othersRead MoreUnderage Drinking Essays1216 Words   |  5 Pagesbehind the controls. Further adding to the danger is the ever prevalent risk of a fellow driver being impaired by the usage of alcohol; perhaps the only thing that may make such a situation even more difficult and dangerous is one who is under the legal alcohol drinking age. Fewer situations are more life threatening than when an underage driver has been illegally consuming alcohol, yet persists in the belief that he or she retains the ability to drive s afely. Thoughts along this line are foolish at bestRead MoreThe National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 Is Not Working738 Words   |  3 Pagesor purchase alcohol, has only served to heighten the problem that is currently being faced. The only realistic way to make real progress while reversing the negative effect the NMDA act has had and is having is to abolish the NMDA act and introduce a new act that establishes different phases to introduce alcohol to minors. In essence, the purpose of the NMDA act was to decrease the number of drunk driving fatalities. The number of drunk driving fatalities has decreased and underage drunk driversRead MoreShould the legal age for the consumption of alcohol be increased to 21?863 Words   |  4 PagesIncreasing the legal age for the consumption of alcohol to twenty-one is a topic that has recently sparked much debate, with many people endorsing the idea of increasing the age of alcohol consumption. This is because it is thought that implementing such a law may curb youth binge drinking and alcohol related road accidents (Drug Free Australia: 2008). However there are many reasons as to why the legal age for alcohol consumption should not be increased. These include the fact that young people willRead MoreExamination Of Drinking Habits And Motives Of Collegiate Student-1378 Words   |  6 Pagesstudent-athletes represent a specific at-risk demographic.† This study done by the authors proves that the collegiate athletes tend to consume more alcohol than nonathletic students. Taylor, Ward, and Hardin say that â€Å"the frequency of annual alcohol consumption by collegiate student-athletes is 80%, compared to 60% of nonathletic students who report consuming alcohol.† Taylor, Ward, and Hardin concluded that the students who participated in collegiate athletics are typically more likely participate in otherRead MoreEssay on Alcohol and Teens: The Effects of Teenage Drinking1520 Words   |  7 Pages When at a party, a student sees another teenager drinking a beer. Thinking nothing of it, the teenager picks up a large bottle labeled Vodka and beings to chug the contents of the bottle. The alcohol rushes through her body and she suddenly has a sense of feeling free and letting loose. The next thing the teenage girl remembers is waking up in a hospital bed to her mother crying by her bed side. The only thing her mom could say was â€Å"Honey, please wake up. Please be okay, I want you to be

Ethics and Greenwashing free essay sample

Your ethical viewpoints continue changing and evolving over time as a result of the different people you expose and interact with as well as the change of environment and situations you can find yourself in. Business ethics are genuinely based on the way in which positive benefits can be made to your business, with high ethical standards will lead to: †¢Improved employee and organisational morale †¢Increased ability to attract new customers †¢Improved customer loyalty Reduced risk of negative exposure and public backlash caused by poor ethics †¢Attraction of new stakeholders †¢Making a positive impact on the community Business ethics are important mainly because of the consequences that can occur from the decisions in which lack a regard to ethics. Good ethics may not always lead to high profit for a business, but poor ethical standards within a business can negatively effect on your business in the long term. The future effects of business manager’s actions could be severe, particularly if there is injury to staff or they are experiencing financial loss. Through poor ethics, many businesses have come into legal cases where people seek compensation for how they have suffered as a result of the decisions of business people not following there ethical standards. In businesses, who share a common goal of being sustainable, it is important for employees at all level to be committed to its ethical standards within the business. As a business manager it is significantly important that you are able to clearly define and communicate with your employees, the ethical standards you expect them to adhere by, and the potential ramifications for failing in meeting such expectations With increased public awareness, and greater attention emphasised by the media on environmental issues, which has seen to put ethical, social and environmental issues as a major focus within firms and businesses. The increase in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities may reflect different motives of the firm: altruism, strategic choices to maximise profits, and attempts to enhance the image of the firm without significantly changing business conduct often also referred to as ‘green wash’ (Frankendal, 2001). Consumers have shown a recent trend in spending a little extra on environmentally-friendly products, due to the highly anticipated crisis of human induced change to our climate. This has lead to people purchasing organic food, and reverting to non-toxic house cleaning products. This new brand of consumer behaviour has lead to companies taking drastic action as putting authentic and non-toxic products on the market, which is hard as it has a significant cost, and takes a considerable amount of time. This has lead to companies turning to â€Å"green washing† for a quick fix. â€Å"Green washing† is a term which really relates to the deceptive claims of eco-friendliness, it is used to describe the nature in which public relations and marketing is promoted through claiming to use environmentally sustainable practices in which organisations claim to abide by. It is an effective method that companies can adopt to enhance profit or even in gaining political support. Many companies have plainly abused their consumer’s wants, green washing may have been around for several years, and its use has become greater in recent years as companies have strived to meet the ever increasing consumer demand of greener products and services, according to advertising consultancy, Terrachoice Environmental Marketing. Terrachoice also measured green advertising in major magazines and recorded that between 2006 and 2009 the umber of ads rose considerably from 3. 5% to 10%, with this rise predicted to increase rapidly over the coming years. â€Å"A major result of green washing, is public confusion†, said Terrachoice vice president Scot Case. But green washing can also pose environmental threats, and that it is indeed harmful as seen in 2008, when the Malaysian Palm Oil Council produced a television advertisement claiming itself as being eco-friend ly, with a voiceover throughout the commercial stating â€Å"Malaysia Palm Oil. Its trees give life and help our planet breathe, and give home to hundreds of species of flora and fauna. † In this case public confusion happens, as advertisement critics including ‘Friends of the Earth’, palm oil plantations are linked to rainforest species extinction, habitat loss, pollution from burning to clear land, destruction of flood buffer zones, and other adverse affects. The clear evident contrast is considerably unfair as well-intentioned consumers are being misled into purchases that do not deliver on their environmental promise. This in turn means both the individual has been misled and they have lost feeling of their commitment to the environment, which was the likely reason they pursued purchasing the product or service due to the nature in which it is environmentally friendly, and their desire to benefit the environment has been dissipated. This reaches a stage in which people begin seeing further examples of green washing and they are not sure what to believe, which could lead to long-term financial loss to companies who continue to hope the green washing â€Å"con† will work. In National Geographic magazine, in 2004 Ford Motor Company attempted in convincing its readers of its environmental commitments by announcing the launch of a new model car, the Escape Hybrid SUV and the re-modelling of one of its factories, one of their advertisements read, â€Å"Green vehicles. Cleaner factories. It’s the right road for our company, and we’re well underway. † What Ford wasn’t able to tell its readers, was that its company only planned on producing 20,000 of its Hybrid SUVs per year, whilst continuing to produce 80,000 F-series trucks a month. As well as this occurring, just prior to the campaign release, the Environmental Protection Agency announced that Ford had the highest fuel economy of all major automakers. In this failed attempt to gain an environmentally friendly image, gave the company first prize of America’s top ten green washers of the year. Green washing is a misleading activity, which attempts to deceive the consumer, forcing us to think companies care about environmentally safe practices, more than we originally once thought. Not all green advertising is false, obviously. The continual use of green washing could lead to consumers becoming sceptical of legitimate corporate environmental success. Hence well meaning companies who show legitimate compassion towards environmental sustainability, have every reason to be frustrated with companies who green wash as they are affecting them in the long term, If one corporation in a particular industry gets away with green washing, other corporations will follow other companies who are green washing consumers, creating a vision of environmental sustainability, but rather the continuing trend could lead to further environmental degradation and hence reduce the potential of living conditions for future generations. In conclusion, people today are far more aware of green washing and businesses face more imposed ramifications if they choose to take part in such activities from political and law groups. Greenpeace, the environmental group is one group of people who are fighting for some justice for the companies that are green washing, and in 2008 launched a website, â€Å"Stop Greenwash† to confront deceptive green washing activities, and to ultimately provide activists, lawmakers and consumers the information they need to hold corporations accountable for the impact their businesses are having on our planet. It is these type of initiatives as such, there are aiding in the preservation of a greener climate, in which green washing is not acceptable as it abuses the idea of an ethical business. Bibliography Samson, D Daft, RL 2012, Management, 4th edn, Asia Pacific edn, Cengage Learning, Melbourne. Davis, J. (1992). Ethics and Environmental Marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 11: pp. 81-87. (viewed 23/03/2013) TerraChoice Environmental Marketing. The Seven Sins of Greenwashing: Environmental Claims in Consumer Markets. London: TerraChoice Environmental Marketing; 2009. viewed 22/03/2013) TerraChoice Environmental Marketing. The â€Å"Six Sins of Greenwashing†: A Study of Environmental Claims in North American Consumer Markets. London: TerraChoice Environmental Marketing; 2007. (viewed 22/03/2013) Advertising Standards Authority. ASA Adjudication on Malaysia Palm Oil Council. London: Advertising Standards Authority; Jan 9, 2008. (viewed 23/03/2013) B. Anderson, (2004) Bringing Bus iness Ethics to Life. (viewed 24/03/2013) Jenner, EJ. (2005) Greenwashing: Visual communication and political influence in environmental policy. (viewed 22/03/2013)

Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban

Education in Afghanistan is one of the most frequently discussed problems that require certain time and investigations. Many sources admit that the policies of the Taliban were so horrible and strict that any girl could not get a chance to study and enlarge own level of knowledge on the same level with boys. The point is that many female students just could not continue their education, because the chosen programs were too horrible and war-oriented that females did not find it helpful and necessary to visit schools.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban – Cause and Effect Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The impact of the Taliban on boys and girls’ education in Afghanistan was really great: different educative strategies and concentration on war affairs deprived girls of the opportunity to get education on the same level as boys could do it; this is why th e fall of that movement led to positive changes in the sphere of education and promoted girls’ desire to study just like it was described in Seierstad’s The Bookseller of Kabul. Contrary to popular belief, the Taliban never officially banned the education for females. Girls under the ages of nine were allowed to attend school and share a classroom with boys of the same age. However, once a girl reached the age of ten, she lost the right to attend the school. The Taliban put a suspension on female education until a segregated education system could be completely organized and implemented. Abdul Hai Muthmahien, the Taliban chief spokesman, admitted that their movement was going to spend more then $ 1 million in order to build schools and provide students with the necessary equipment â€Å"Taliban are not against education† (Baker para.2), and even girls should have a chance to study. The students, who were fortunate enough to attend the schools that remained open, were taught a curriculum, centered on violence and religion. At the first grade, children, who were six years old, learned the alphabet not by animals, fruits, or joys, like it was inherent to the vast majority of schools all over the world, but by means of religious and war-like terminology: â€Å"’J’ was for Jihad, ‘M’ was for Muhjahed, and ‘T’ was for Talib† (Fassihi para.1). First graders were also taught simple arithmetic like counting bullets. The fourth grade of education turned out to be crucial for many students, because they got a chance to teach more complex math word problems.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These tasks involve the following: â€Å"If a bullet travels 800 meters per second, and the distance between a Russian and a muhjahed is 3,200 meters, then how many seconds will it take for the bullet to hit the Russian between the eyes?† (Fassihi para. 5) Each year, a student could advance to a new grade, texts, lessons, and homework became even more graphic; the seventh grade promotes students to study the â€Å"jihad manual†, the manual that was laden with instructions for bomb making, gun and weapon descriptions and diagrams, and even how-to’s for killing Islam’s enemies (Fassihi para. 6). Students were subjected to this style of learning until the Taliban fell after a five year reign. â€Å"Belqisa could even continue her education if she wanted†¦Now it was allowed, but she forbade herself† (Seierstad 175-181). So, a child of any sex could get education, the question is whether the child wants to get such education. In November 2001, since the fall of the Taliban, Afghanistan faced numerous troubles because of the period of reconstruction and its demands (UNESCO 137). The sphere of education underwent certain challenges and changes as well: schools all ac ross the country held registrations for both males and females. In Jalalabad, the new minister of education, Abdul Ghani Hidayat, hoped for the turnout at registration and believed that nearly eighty percent of the city’s eligible male and females would register. Despite the lack of text books, furniture, and writing utensils and supplies, Mr. Hidayat was eager to commence the planning and implementation of a new curriculum for the children in order to present them an opportunity to enlarge their level of knowledge and have the same rights as other people on the world have (Witter para. 8). In spite of Mr. Hidayat’s enthusiasm and desire to support children and their families, it was not enough to make children return to the schools and continue education. The Taliban’s conditions were so strict and repressive that even their leaving did not help to return female students. The development of innovative computing technologies, the status of English as an internat ional level, and other changes in curriculums require considerable work in the sphere of education (Moreno 398). Wars, which take place in Afghanistan, have serious effect on education in this country: many teachers are killed in actions, many children prefer to go for a war but not to spend time at schools, and many schools have been already destroyed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban – Cause and Effect Essay specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More All this damage, created as a result of the war, influences education indicators considerably and increases brain drain. Teachers do not find it effective to stay in the country and train children under such terrible conditions. Those, who decide to stay and protect own native land, face such problems like lack of knowledge or experience. Some teachers do not even have any pedagogic practice, and make use of every day proble ms to create new tasks and train students. Lack of education leads to wrong perception of information and interpretation of numerous psychological, social, and philosophical concepts. Even if the fall of the Taliban promotes the development of the educational sphere in Afghanistan, students still face numerous problems and do not have chances to cope with them. Nowadays, education is available for any citizen of Afghanistan. It does not matter whether you are a boy or a girl. The point is that the attitude to education may be different in each family, and the head of one family cannot accept the idea that his women should spend much time alongside men (Seierstad 262), and the head of the other family is eager to help his women to study new material and be smart. In general, education for boys and girls in Afghanistan sees considerable changes before and after the reign of the Taliban. The sources prove that in fact the Taliban movement did not prevent education for girls; certain co nditions may cause some restrictions, but as a whole, girls got the right to visit schools and enlarge their knowledge. Of course, war conditions deprive a lot of boys and girls of the opportunity to study, this is why numerous school reforms and additional help should be provided day by day. Maybe, this lack of education and attention to social norms and attitude to this life serve as a serious reason of the war. It is high time to think about the ways of how to educate the Afghan people and explain them how wrong and horrible their comprehension of this life can be. Works Cited Fassihi, Farnaz. â€Å"2 Bullets + 2 Bullets =?: That Was Math in the Textbooks Used in Taliban-Era Schools.† Newhouse News Service. Moreno, Juan, M. â€Å"Secondary Education in Afghanistan: A Portray of Post-Conflict Education Reconstruction.† Revista Espanola de Educacion Comparada 11 (2005): 381-406.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Seierstad, Asne. The Bookseller of Kabul. London: Virago Press Ltd., 2004. Print. UNESCO. Education for all by 2015: Will We Make It? New York: Oxford University Press US, 2008. Print. Witter, Willis. â€Å"Afghan Girls Giddy over Return to School.† The Washington Times. (21 Nov. 2001). This essay on Education in Afghanistan Before the Taliban was written and submitted by user Adam Destine to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco

A Brief History of the Country of Morocco In the Classical Antiquity era, Morocco experienced waves of invaders included Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, and Byzantines, but with the arrival of Islam, Morocco developed independent states that kept powerful invaders at bay. Berber Dynasties In 702 the Berbers submitted to the armies of Islam and adopted Islam. The first Moroccan states formed during these years, but many were still ruled by outsiders, some of whom were part of the Umayyad Caliphate that controlled most of northern Africa c. 700 CE. In 1056, a Berber empire arose however, under the Almoravid Dynasty, and for the next five hundred years Morocco was governed by Berber dynasties:  the Almoravids (from 1056), Almohads (from 1174), Marinid (from 1296), and Wattasid (from 1465). It was during the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties that Morocco controlled much of North Africa, Spain, and Portugal. In 1238, the Almohad lost control of  the Muslim portion of Spain and Portugal, known then as al-Andalus. The Marinid dynasty attempted to regain it, but never succeeded. Revival of Moroccan Power In the mid-1500s, a powerful state again arose in Morocco, under the leadership of the Saadi dynasty that had taken over southern Morocco in the early 1500s. The Saadi defeated the Wattasid in 1554, and then succeeded in holding off incursions by both the Portuguese and Ottoman Empires. In 1603 a succession dispute led to a period of unrest that did not end until 1671 with the formation of the Awalite Dynasty, which still governs Morocco to this day. During the unrest, Portugal had again gained a foothold in Morocco but was again thrown out by the new leaders. European Colonization By the mid 1800s, at a time when the influence of the Ottoman Empire was in decline, France and Spain began taking a great interest in Morocco. The Algeciras Conference (1906) that followed the First Moroccan Crisis formalized Frances special interest in the region (opposed by Germany), and the Treaty of Fez (1912) made Morocco a French protectorate. Spain gained authority over Ifni (to the south) and Tà ©touan to the north. In the 1920s the Rif Berbers of Morocco, under the leadership of Muhammad Abd el-Krim, rebelled against French and Spanish authority. The short lived Rif republic was crushed by a joint French/Spanish task force in 1926. Independence In 1953 France deposed the nationalist leader and sultan Mohammed V ibn Yusuf, but both nationalist and religious groups called for his return.  France capitulated, and Mohammed V returned in 1955. On the second of March in 1956, French Morocco gained independence. Spanish Morocco, except for the two enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, gained independence in April of 1956. Mohammed V was succeeded by his son, Hasan II ibn Mohammed, upon his death in 1961. Morocco became a constitutional monarchy in 1977. When Hassan II died in 1999 he was succeeded by his thirty-five year old son, Mohammed VI ibn al-Hassan. Dispute over Western Sahara When Spain withdrew from the Spanish Sahara in 1976, Morocco claimed sovereignty in the north. The Spanish portions to the south, known as Western Sahara, were supposed to become independent, but Morocco occupied the region in the Green March. Initially, Morocco divided the territory with Mauritania, but when Mauritania withdrew in 1979, Morocco claimed the whole. The status of the territory is a deeply contentious issue, with many international bodies like the United Nations recognizing it as a non-self-governing territory called the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Revised and Expanded by Angela Thompsell Sources: Clancy-Smith, Julia Anne, North Africa, Islam, and the Mediterranean world: from the Almoravids to the Algerian War. (2001). MINURSO Background, United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara. (Accessed 18 June 2015).

Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Case - Essay Example The action the farmer took to detain him while calling and waiting for the sheriff does not qualify the case to be classified under false imprisonment. The farmer detained the plaintiff in order to go and call the sheriff who was to act as a judge in this particular situation hence no false imprisonment. The law applied in this scenario is the tort law of false imprisonment. This law protects personal interests when it comes to freedom against restraint of movement. According to this tort, the plaintiff must be confined consciously and within boundaries. For it to however qualify as a false imprisonment, force must have been used and improper assertion of legal authority (Statsky 51). This case is similar to that of Herbst because in both cases, the detention of the plaintiffs was done as an effort to enable the defendant call the authority to solve the case prior to the detention of the plaintiffs. Before the detention, the plaintiffs in both cases were informed of the reason for the detention and what action was to be taken. In both cases also, the plaintiffs had invaded private property without announcing themselves first and without any permission hence according to the law, they were trespassing and therefore deserved to be detained by the owners of the properties pending further legal action by law enforcers (Statsky 52). The case is however different from that of Dupler. This is because Dupler had been given prior warning of the decision she was going to make after being relieved of the duties at the firm. She had been given a dichotomous answer and the refusal to resign led her to be sacked (Statsky 50). It is also different in that her detainers were her former boss and workmates and not strangers and she had not trespassed any property like the situation with the above mentioned two cases. Unlike the other two scenarios before, Dupler had been

Business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business organisation - Essay Example 2007)†. Scientific management principals and tools were developed by emphasizing on extensive research and studies to provide a management solution to the managers who are considered as major stakeholders in the wellbeing of an organization. Fredrick W. Taylor is considered the pioneer in developing scientific management theories. He worked on the application of scientific methods to the labour management to improve their productivity. â€Å"He spent more than two decades passionately pursuing the ‘one best way’ for each job to be done (Robbins & Coulter, 2002)†. Scientific management call for the need of application of maximization of worker’s productivity by the application of appropriate and efficient work methodologies in the light of science, especially ergonomics. The industries at that time were production oriented and mass production, Fordism, and they required practices and procedure that were scientifically designed to optimize their work activities. Fredrick Taylor, who is called the father of scientific management, was a self-made man with his professional career spent in working within a labour intensive environment. Prior to scientific management, â€Å"Taylor worked as an apprentice to a pattern-maker, and as a machinist. He later joined the Midvale steel company as a labor rising in eight years to chief engineer (Hartman S.W. 2007)†. He worked in that environment observing efficiencies in work practices and thus created a desire to work upon the improvement of working methods. Taylor worked for years to develop optimal work methods and developed four principles, called principles of scientific management. Later Gantt and Gilbreth made some alterations in his theory but the basic theme remained the same. In addition, the idea was to break the tasks into simple and small parts and each part to be assigned to a particular person who has the capability and

Definition of Nursing Essay Example for Free

Definition of Nursing Essay The definition of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association describes a framework that incorporates caring and health promotion. It is far reaching and intentionally inclusive to all fellow human beings. It has a goal to advocate and help decrease any element of suffering. Nursing is a professional body which strongly advocates the advancement of professional knowledge. Scholarly resources are used to anchor our credibly with research findings. The use of objective data develops processes to improve outcomes of care. Attentions are focused on human action and reactions to changes in health. The body of nursing  acts as influential body to impact social justice. The definition opens the scope of similarities and difference in approach where nurses can provide optimal care for their patients. The metaparadigm concepts: person, health, environment and nursing are platforms in which the protection, health promotion and goal to alleviate suffering can be developed. Dr Jean Watson, a nurse theorist is best now for her work on human caring. She asserts caring as central focus for nursing. Caring serves as pivot to the metaparadigm concepts. She found nurses who were not able to practice caring became harsh and brittle (as cited in Watson, 2009, p.467). As I work with my patients I now realize how my plans of care are based on theses metapadigm concepts. I frequently ask my coworkers what worked best for the patient and why. Then I incorporate that in my daily plan of care. References Watson, J. (2009). Caring science and human caring theory:transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and healthcare. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration,31(4), 466-483.

Lying Is the Most Fun You Can Have Essay -- American Government, The B

The propaganda machine set up by the Bush administration channeled many lies concerning the story of Jessica Lynch. The media, in turn, played and replayed her story to excess. These numerous lies were then published in an article by the Washington Post, on which Krakauer remarks that: Thanks largely to details first revealed in this article, as well as dramatic video of the rescue distributed to the media by the Army, Jessica Lynch dominated the news for weeks. The details of the incident provided by military public affairs officers made for an absolutely riveting story that television, radio, and print journalists found irresistible: a petite blond supply clerk from a flea-speck burg in West Virginia is ambushed in Iraq and fearlessly mows down masked Fedayeen terrorists with her M16 until she runs out of ammo, whereupon she is shot, stabbed, captured, tortured, and raped before finally being snatched from her barbaric Iraqi captors during a daring raid by American commandos. (207-208) Krakauer admits that the article expresses there had been no verification of the details relating to Jessica Lynch's story, but this was largely ignored (208). It seems as though the administration was as good at covering their asses as they were at manipulating the public at large. This can be seen in the disclaimer in the article by the Washington Post. The article states that â€Å"Pentagon officials said they had heard â€Å"rumors† of Lynch's heroics but had no confirmation†(qtd. in Krakauer 208). They knew that truth about Jessica Lynch would eventually come through, and as long as the lies had their desired effect; they didn't care. The real story of what happened to Jessica Lynch is much less extreme. As Krakauer emphasize... ...t provided support for the war in Iraq and kept our troops there, the better. As illustrated by Krakauer, â€Å"Bin Laden regarded the invasion of Iraq as a tremendous gift from President Bush―a 'rare and essentially valuable' opportunity to spread jihad† and that â€Å"the American occupation was fueling Muslim rage even more than the invasion of Afghanistan had, inspiring throngs of Arab men to join the ranks for al-Qaeda† (255). The Bush administration's treatment and spinning of the stories of these heroic soldiers into a vehicle of propaganda for their own ends was abhorrent. I feel disgusted at their using of people and lies to maintain their unjust war, and their war must be indeed have been unjust if they had to go to such extremes to support it. It is tragic that the people of the United States and other countries have been subjected to this kind of betrayal.

National Intigration in Malaysia

This article examines the direction of ethnic politics in Malaysia by investigating the 2008 election results and the subsequent political maneuverings of political parties following the election. The results do not clearly demonstrate the demise of ethnic politics; however, the communal political paradigm of the Barista National Party (BIN) has become increasingly ineffective in its attempts to appease both Malay and non- Malay communities.Following the election, the BIN seems to have moved towards the adoption of a multivalent agenda, whereas its affiliated parties have chosen to maintain their communal political paradigm. Furthermore, the Pakistan Arrays has not outlined a clear multivalent platform and has failed to reject communal politics. The Malaysian political paradigm has yet to shift qualitatively away from ethnic politics. View full text Download full text One of the key concepts of national integration in Malaysia is to increase and develop the country economically.In a plural society like Malaysia, citizens nowadays hardly ark together due to lack of communication between each another. Therefore, it is important for national integration to take place so that people in Malaysia work together and help each other to increase the country's income; this is because when there is unity there is teamwork. On the other hand, according to Data Limit P. G. (2003) building a harmony society is also one of the key concepts of national integration.Malaysia a country that has many types of races of people must reduce the difference between them and to come as one to create a community with strong oral and ethic values so that a harmony society can be build. According to Boolean (2007), the other key concept of national integration is to motivate Malaysian nowadays to learn to unite with each other and also to enhance the patriotism spirit in them. This is to ensure that people from various ethnic groups here can learn to tolerate each other and work together to bring our country forward.Bell Abstract An important characteristic of many countries is that they exhibit, to greater or lesser intergovernmental fiscal systems. This paper explores some of the varied extents and manners in which such asymmetrical treatment may help or hinder the maintenance of an effective nation-state, where â€Å"effectiveness† encompasses both how effectively, efficiently, and (perhaps) equitably public services are provided throughout the national territory and also the effects asymmetry may have on the very existence of â€Å"fragmented† nation-states.Key words: federalism, decentralization, asymmetry, subsidiaries JELL codes: HUH, DAD Belgium, Bosnia-Herringbone, Canada, People's Republic of China, Germany, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Spain, Sudan, Switzerland?what can this diverse set of countries possibly have in common? One important answer is that each contains within its boundaries a significant territorially based group o f people who are, or who consider themselves to be, distinct and different in ethnicity, in language, in religion, or Just in history (ancient or recent) from the majority of the population.Indeed, contrary to the common view?one might say mythology?that the most natural† nation-state is a unified and homogeneous entity, such â€Å"fragmented† countries (Bird and Stauffer, 2001)1 are found throughout the world. Homogeneous nations are more the exception than the rule. Indeed, heterogeneity, whether ethnic or economic, is a more common feature of most countries than homogeneity. 2 A second important characteristic of many countries is that they exhibit, to greater or lesser degrees, some â€Å"asymmetry' in the way in which different regions are treated by their intergovernmental fiscal systems. While†¦ [continues]

The background and principles related to Islamic Banking - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3595 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Islamic principles have stated clearly that all business transactions have to follow the fairness behavior stated in Islamic law where no party should gain any sort of unequal treatment thus when an investment occurs between two parties both the parties should divide the profit or loss according to the business status (Schon; 2009). Islamic principles related to monetary transactions have stated clearly that no harm or use of harmful products is allowed to be conducted under the Islamic business (Schon; 2009). Thus; Gambling, prostitution and similar projects should be banned from using Islamic money as a tool of transactions (Schon; 2009). 2.1 Principles behind Islamic Banking Two basic principles behind Islamic banking are the sharing of profit and loss (PLS), significantly, the prohibition of collection and payment of interest. In fact, collecting interest is not permitted under Islamic law. Islamic banking refers to a system of banking or banking activities that is consistent with Islamic law and principles and guided by Islamic economics (Sipra, 2002). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The background and principles related to Islamic Banking" essay for you Create order 2.3 Islamic Banking around the World Present Islamic finance has exist globally since the 1970.Currently, Islamic finance represent small but growing fragment of the global finance industry (Ariss 2010). Estimates diverge of the total size of the assets held globally under Islamic finance, ranging upwards from 800 billion and with growth rates of 10% to 15% annually over the past ten years. Indeed, United Kingdom has announced initiations to reserve London as a main player in the Islamic finance industry (Kerr, 2007); the global market for Islamic bonds known as Sukuk us estimated to be $70 billion currently and is projected to reach $100 billion by 2010.Global issuance of Islamic bonds has increased more than five-fold from 2004 to 2007. Assets of the top 500 Islamic banks expanded 28.6% to $822 billion at year-end 2009 Islamic industry size is estimated to be at 400 billion USD with growth of 15% per annum. Demand for Islamic banking products and service is growing, Islamic banking has developed into a full fledg e system, today Islamic banks are working in 75 countries beside that there are many financial institutions from the conventional banking systems have lunched Islamic banking windows working side by side with Islamic banks to overcome the growing market demand on Islamic products and services. In Malaysia and Bahrain Islamic banks are working at parallel with conventional banks participating in the overall money transacted (Scribd; 2010). In some countries, such as Iran, Sudan and Pakistan, Islamic bank are the only mainstream financial institutions. In others, they exist within conjunction with conventional banking. The Arab Gulf region and Southeast Asia, led by Malaysia, traditionally have been the major centers for Islamic banking. In recent years Islamic banking has expanded into Africa, particular in Sudan (Tahir 2007). Sudan has full financial system running at a national level by Islamic finance and banking principles, Iran also have switched to fully working Islamic b anking system in spite of the conceptual interpretation differences.UK, Euro countries and many other countries have initiated Islamic banking participations by allowing Islamic banks to start doing business (Tahir 2007). Chart 2.1 is showing that Iran is the higher ranked in Islamic banking assts followed by Saudi Arabia and Malaysia. Indeed, Bahrain has 10 Islamic banks compare with 19 banks in Sudan. In fact, Iran, Sudan and Pakistan fully operate as a full main stream Islamic banking system. Chart 2.1 Break Down of the Worlds 100 Islamic Banks Source: Asian Banker Research Bahrain have a large concentration of Islamic banking in the Middle East where it hosts 26 institutions offering different products and services including commercial banking, offshore banking, investment banking and fund management , Bahrain also purse a dual banking system where conventional and Islamic banking are treated equally by the Bahrain Monetary Agency , Bahrain also hosts the newly creat ed liquidity management center and the international Islamic financial market , to coordinate the operation of Islamic banking around the world. Malaysia has a comprehensive Islamic banking industry where conventional and Islamic banks are working at a competitive environment; the conventional banks are allowed to open Islamic windows. The share of Islamic banking operation in Malaysia has grown from a nil to 8 percent in 2003 where the government in Malaysia has a plan to enhance that to 20 percent by 2011. There is a growing interest for Islamic finance and a business opportunity for lenders in the United States where Islamic banking is largely exists in the personal home mortgages (Tahir 2007). Chart 2.2 explains that the issuance of Sukuk financial records for about 10% of the comprehensive Islamic finance industry, subsequent to fast growth over the past decade. Cumulative total issues topped the figurative mark of $100 billion at year-end 2009, compared with less than $500 million at year-end 2001. The market is slowly reviving after a major slowdown in 2008. Sukuk issues totaling $23.3 billion in 2009 clearly outpaced the $14.9 billion registered in 2008 and regained some ground against record issues of $34.3 billion in 2007. Chart 2.2 Sukuk Issuance in billions USD from 2001 to 2009 Source : (Poors 2010) 2.6 Definition of Corporate Governance The agency problem arises because of the relationship between the owners and the management. The scandal in corporate governance made the scholars defining corporate governance based on the problem solving perspective or corporate affairs perspective. In addition, most definition states that internal governance mechanism involves board of directors and ownership structure while external involves taking over market and legal system. Researchers have defined corporate governance in a variety of ways, and the most widely cited definitions follow. A definition by the finance committee on corporate governance in Malaysia in the report on corporate governance (2002) stated that: Corporate governance is the process and structure used to direct and manage the business and affairs of the company towards enhancing business prosperity and corporate accountability with the ultimate objective of realizing long term shareholder value, whilst taking account the interests of other stakeholders. This indicates that corporate governance is not only applied to the shareholders but the other stakeholders as well. 2.7 Corporate Governance System around the World 2.7.1 Anglo-Saxon Corporate Governance System The Anglo -Saxon system is taking by the main source of firms finance. Therefore, the main concentration of Anglo-Saxon corporate governance is the shareholder interest where the principle is applied by given the right to each shareholder to vote pursuant to that the law found to be protecting the shareholder against the management where a shareholder can be found misusing the company money which might affect the shareholder wealth. The composition of the Anglo-Saxon corporate governance system is one board of directors constituting of executives and non-executives. The executive directors are managers of the corporations; whereas the non-executive directors are representing the shareholders to monitor the manager in their day to day business. Both executive and non-executives directors members are appointed and dismissed by general assembly of shareholders.(Denis and McConnell 2003). 2.7.2 Germanic Corporate Governance System The Germanic corporate governance system deals with the firm as an autonomous economic entity which may benefit to shareholders and stakeholders in the firm. Countries which implement this system use two board systems consisting of a supervisory board and managing board. Supervisory board main duties are to appoint the managing dismiss managing board and to evaluate management performance. Germanic corporate governance system considers the bank as the main source of finance. Therefore, the bank has a significant voting right in shareholders shareholders assembly and also represents shareholders interest in a supervisory board (Odenius; 2008) . 2.7.3 Latin Corporate Governance System The Latin corporate governance system is considered more flexible compared with previous Systems. In a context of board of directors, Latin corporations have an option to select either one board as Anglo-Saxon system or two boards as in Germanic System, shareholders have more influence in the Latin system i.e. in French legislation, shareholders can remove a director, which overrule on a share one vote system.(Aguilera and Ermoli 2005) 2.7.4 Japanese Corporate Governance System The board of directors in Japanese system comprises a board of directors, an office of representive directors and an office of auditors. The president is the rarely the chair man of the board. Banks have high influence on the decision making of the management in the Japanese system .(Allen; and Zhao; 2007) 2.7.5 Islamic Corporate Governance. The corporate governance in Islamic banking is based on Islamic law and principles. The governance of the banks is subject to acceptance of the principles and standard of Shariah. Islamic corporate governance tension on all the parties involved in the organization to practice Islamic law principles. Since Islamic banks in many ways are similar to the conventional banks; the existence of a proper frame work of corporate governance is a matter of dire necessity (Pellegrini 2006). However, in accordance with the fact that Islamic banking and conventional banking are different because Islamic banking activities are underlined by Islamic law its not appropriate for Islamic banking to divert from Islamic practices .Thus, the responsibility is on Islamic banks to ensure that all activities are subject to Shariah law acceptance (Pellegrini 2006). In terms of guidelines and principles constructed in accordance with Islamic law there are many standardizing agencies; theses agencies inc lude the Islamic financial service board (IFSB), the accounting and auditing organization for Islamic financial institutions (AAOIFI), and International Islamic rating agency (IIRA); are of the important bodies concerned with regulations enhancing the supervision in Islamic financial institutions (Grais and Pellegrini 2006; Pellegrini 2006; Wafik Grais 2007). Researchers have conceptually explained the differences attributed to corporate governance principles in Islamic law and corporate governance principles in non Islamic law, the proposed considerations mostly concentrated on Shariah supervisions, financing modes and risk managements. In addition, Islamic finance scholars have supported the explanation of theoretical base of Islamic banking and finance on stakeholder theory considering that any party who affect of get affected by the activities conducted in the Islamic financial institution is a stack holder of the Islamic financial institution (BAHJATT; 1997; Chapera 2004; Ab u-Tapanjeh 2009). Table 1.1 focuses on the differences between the organization for economic cooperation and developments principles and Islamic principles where sole authority is to Shariah, society is a stakeholder and the sense of equality between different parties involved in the corporation process. Islamic perspective on corporate governance, to some extent, resembles to the stakeholder model. Indeed, it provides a more solid justification regarding who can qualify as a stakeholder and what are the rights and responsibilities that both firms and their various stakeholders may assume. Table 1.1 Corporate Governance from Islamic Prospective OECD Principles and Annotation Islamic Principles Insuring the basis for an effective corporate governance framework Promotion of transparent and efficient markets with rule of law and division of responsibilities Promotion of business within ethical framework of Shariah,Believes in profit and loss,Primacy of Justice and social welfare withsocial and spiritual obligations,Prohibition of interest The rights of shareholders and key ownership functions Basic shareholder rights, Participation in Decision-making at the general meetings, Structures and arrangements markets for corporate control, Ownership rights by all shareholders including institutional shareholders, Consultative process between shareholders and institutional shareholders Property as trust from God, Sole Authority is God, Society as stakeholders, Accountability not only to stakeholders but also to God, the ultimate owner The equitable treatment of shareholders Protection to minority and foreign shareholders Just and fairness of value The role of stakeholders in corporate governance In creating wealth, jobs and sustainability of financially sound Enterprises Islamic accountability to Falahand social welfare orientation, Haram/Halaldichotomy in transaction, Social individual welfare from both spiritual and material Disclosure and transparency Matters regarding corporation, Financial situation, Performance, ownership and Governance Accountability with Shariahcompliance, Socio-economic objectives related to firms control and accountability to all its stakeholders, Justice, equality, truthfulness transparency, Wider accountability with written as well as oral disclosure The responsibilities of the board Strategic guidance, Monitoring of management, Accountability to company and stakeholders Accountability not only to company or board or stakeholders but also to Allah the ultimate authority who leads to welfare and success, Holistic and integrative guidance, Negotiation and co-operation, Consultation and consensus seeking for each decision with related stakeholders Source : (OECD 1999; Abu-Tapanjeh 2009) Unlike the known corporate governance systems where the solving of agency conflict is one of the important issues related to the governance mechanisms. Islamic corporate governance laid the liaison and activities of the bank to Shariah supervisory board and main Shariah board at the central bank of the country. Thus, each party involved in the transaction and activities of the bank is stakeholder. The Islamic finance activities have the obligation towards employees, community and related parties of organization. The staff in Islamic bank should act according to Islamic principles and adhere to the teaching of Islam. Accounting standards in the Islamic bank should consider that Islamic banking is interest free banking(M; 2007). Shariah supervisory board (SSB) has the authority to reject any of the projects which is not in accordance with their expectation. Indeed, the process of the Shariah reviewing the activities is one of the fundamentals of Islamic banking transaction. The Shariah reviewing process includes risk management, auditing committee and Shariah research functions (Hamzah 2009). . Figure 2.1 is explaining the process of The Shariah supervisory board where Shariah board receives the new projects and products before they are presented to the customers in order to assure the Shariah compliance. Shariah board process will supervise bank activities and processes in order to assure the Shariah compliance. Shariah supervisory board has the responsibility to enhance the Islamic banking knowledge among the employees in the Islamic banks. Figure 2.1 Shariah Board Process Source : (BNM 1 October 2005) The board of directors is committed to the decisions made by the Shariah supervisory board irrespective of whether the majority approve or disapprove. The meeting of the board usually is held periodically or whenever the situation require (DIB 2010). 2.8 Principles of Islamic Corporate Governance The Islamic financial service board (IFSB) is an international guidelines and regulation organization that concentrate on improving the consistency and firmness of the Islamic financial services institutions by issuing global standards and principles for the industry, mostly distinct to include institutions which deal under Islamic law (IFSB 2006). The principles is concerned about enhancing the process of the Islamic banks under a proper mechanism related to Shariah law which highlight and explain what are the duties and responsibilities related to stakeholder in the Islamic bank. The principles detail the process and structure of governance in the Islamic to achieve the optimum smooth of return to stakeholders (IFSB 2006). As per the principles guidelines its of importance to meet to principles because that will help providing a typical disclosure particularly financial statements for internal audit which deliver a great responsibility to the stakeholders, indeed it also en dorses the Basel I, II and the principles of corporate governance in banks, so as to ensure the safety of Islamic banking and to provide protection for the assets and rights of customers of Islamic banks encouraging commitment to the decisions of (IFSB) .The sitting standards by IFSB for Islamic financial institutions involve the discussion on the mechanism to balance between different stakeholders in the organization including the duties and responsibilities, the board of directors and financial reporting requirements (IFSB 2006). Table 2.1 presents the main principles for Islamic financial institutions including Islamic banks which must adhere to Islamic law including governance mechanisms, right of investment account holders, and compliance with Islamic Shariah rules and the transparency of account reporting. Table 2.1 the Guiding Principles of Islamic Financial Service Board IFSB Principle 1.1: IIFS shall establish a comprehensive governance policy framework which sets out the strategic roles and functions of each organ of governance and mechanisms for balancing the IIFSs accountabilities to various stakeholders. Principle 1.2: IIFS shall ensure that the reporting of their financial and non-financial information meets the requirements of internationally recognized accounting standards which are in compliance with Shariahrules and principles and are applicable to the Islamic financial services industry as recognized by the supervisory authorities of the country. Principle 2.1: IIFS shall acknowledge IAHs right to monitor the performance of their investments and the associated risks, and put into place adequate means to ensure that these rights are observed and exercised. Principle 2.2: IIFS shall adopt a sound investment strategy which is appropriately aligned to the risk and return expectations of IAH (bearing in mind the distinction between restricted and unrestricted IAH), and be transparent in smoothing any returns. Principle 3.1: I IFS shall have in place an appropriate mechanism for obtaining rulings from Shariahscholars, applying Fatwaand monitoring Shariahcompliance in all aspects of their products, operations and activities. Principle 3.2: IIFS shall comply with the Shariahrules and principles as expressed in the rulings of the IIFSs Shariahscholars. The IIFS shall make these rulings available to the public. Principle 4: IIFS shall make adequate and timely disclosure to IAH and the public of material and relevant information on the investment accounts that they manage. Source: International Islamic Finance Services Board (IFSB 2006) 2.8.1 Ownership Islamic banks guiding principles permit the bank to constitute the capital from original and foreign resources, in respect to the rate of deposit and place of deposit of the capital fund , it will be decided by the proficient authority, Islamic bank will constitute a reserve fund and every year an specific amount of profit will be kept in this fund from the net income after paying of tax and Zakat at the time assessing the minimum asset Islamic bank will take into consideration the balance of Savings Account, Investment Account, other deposit liabilities including the cash in hand other liabilities as directed by the proficient authority (Solà © 2008). 2.8.2 Board Size The principles of Islamic banking enhances the implementations of Basel I, II and III In explaining the board size requirement in Islamic banks, the governance code recommended that the impact of size should be examined on the board effectiveness. However there is no specified numbers of the board recommended. It is in line with the above-mentioned arguments that a board should not be too big or too small. However, the Islamic banks should allow a board with active participation and has the ability to make effective decisions and performing their functions (Solà © 2008). 2.8.3 Qualifications As part of the governance enhancement effort, IIFSB in its listing requirements requires all directors of Islamic banks to undertake continuous training and education improvement process. It aims at influencing corporate thinking on governance issues among the directors (Kasri 2008). 2.8.4 Disclosure As the Islamic financial services industry increases its activities in the global financial scaffold, IIFS requires the Islamic banks to abide by globally recognized reporting standards. IIFS is therefore ensuring that the reporting of financial and non-financial information is in harmony with worldwide recognized accounting standards, particularly those applicable to Islamic financial services. Islamic bank will appoint an auditor every year, which is to be approved by the proficient authority (Solà © 2008). The main principles enhancing the world banking system are the Basel principles. Basel is a committee focusing on formulating standards for banks especially those guidelines which help to maintain the risk level and safety against financial crisis. The Basel committees standards have been going through wide improvement from time to another. Basel I in 1998 required the countries to have a minimal capital requirement for banks; most of the focus was on credit risk. Basel I instructed the banks with international presence to hold capital equal to 8 % of the risk weighted assets. Following that, the Basel II introduced in 2004 was encouraging all countries to adopt the regulations proposed on their banking system. Indeed, Basel II was the creation dilemma of banking laws and regulations against problems that may arise particularly in capital management and risk management. Then, Basel III was a responding improvement to financial crisis where the committee instructed the banks to hold apportion of its capital to preserve against abnormal loss (Solà © 2008). Critically, Islamic banks were already enhancing the principles of Basel III which is been translated in their financial status after the crisis as they have not been affected by crisis same as the conventional banks.(Networking 2010) Abu-Tapanjeh, A. M. (2009). Corporate governance from the Islamic perspective: A comparative analysis with OECD principles. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 2 0(5): 556-567. Aguilera , R. V. and I. Ermoli (2005). 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The Control of Islamic Bank Activity by the Shariah Board : Effectiveness and Limits. Economic and Quantitative method Tunis, University of Manouba IFSB (2006) Guding Princibiles on Corporate Governance for Instituation Offering Only Islamic Financial Services (Exculding Islamic Finance Insurance and Mutual fund) Kasri, R. A. (2008). Corporate Governance: Conventional vs. Islamic Perspective. SSRN eLibrary. M;, A. E. W. (2007) A unified voice : The Role of Shariah Advisery Boards in Islamic Finance. Networking, I. b. (2010) Basel III in support of the Islamic banking principal Odenius;, J. (2008) Germanys Corporate Governance Reforms: Has the System Become Flexible Enough? OECD (1999) OECD Principles of Corporate Governance. Pellegrini, W. G. a. M. (2006). Corporate Governance in instiuations offering Islamic financial Services : Issues and Options. Islamic economic ,Banking and Finance Poors, S. a. (2010). Islam ic Finance Outlook 2010. Schon;, N. (2009). Islamic banking and finance, Spriamus Press Ltd. Scribd; (2010) Islamic Banking vs Conventional Banking. Islamic Banking vs Conventional Banking Solà ©, J. (2008) Introducing Islamic Banks into Conventional Banking Systems. Tahir, S. (2007). Islamic Theory and Practice Survey of Literature Jouranl of Economic Corporation 28(1): 1-72. Wafik Grais , M. P. (2007). Corporate Governance and Shariah Compliance in institutions offering Islamic Financial Services. Wold Bank Research Working Papers 4054.